Demography

Demography can be defined as the general science of studying human population. It is the statistics of the population that is subjected to spatio-temporal change in accordance with aging, birth, death, migration etc. The demography of any place helps to gather information about the population, religion, language and ethnicity of that place.

Demography of India

India demographics occupy 2nd rank among the world's most populated countries. With its current population of more than 1.21 billion people (As per Census of India 2011), the country is estimated to surpass China and be the leading populous country in the world. The total population of the nation is growing at the rate of 1.41 %. Similar to any other demography, Indian demography even projects varied information regarding the country. Let us have a quick look at the information, which can be gathered from the demography of our nation as provided in the report published by the Census Operations of India post Census 2011:

Population:

• Total: 1, 210, 193, 422
• Females: 5, 86, 469, 174
• Males: 6, 23, 724, 248

Density of Population: 382 per sq. km.
Decadal growth (2001 - 2011): 1, 81, 455, 986
Decadal growth rate (2001 - 2011): 17.64 %
Birth rate: 20.97 births/ 1, 000 population 
Growth rate: 1.344 % 
Death rate: 7.48 deaths/ 1, 000 populations 
Fertility rate: 2.62 children born/ woman 

Infant mortality rate:

• Total: 47.57 deaths/ 1, 000 live births
• Female: 49.14 deaths/ 1, 000 live births
• Male: 46.18 deaths/ 1, 000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

• Total: 66.8 years
• Female: 67.95 years
• Male: 65.77 years

Age structure:

• 65 years and over: 5.5 % (Male: 30, 831, 190 and Female: 33, 998, 613)
• 15 years to 64 years: 64.9 % (Male: 3, 98, 757, 331 and Female: 3, 72, 719, 379)
• 0 years to 14 years: 29.7 % (Male: 1, 87, 450, 635 and Female: 1, 65, 415, 758)

Median age:

• Total: 26.2 years
• Female: 26.9 years
• Male: 25.6 years

Sex ratio:

• Total: 1 female/ 1.08 males
• 65 years and over: 1 female/ 0.91 male
• 15-64 years: 1 female/ 1.07 males
• Below 15 years: 1 female/ 1.13 males
• At birth: 1 female/ 1.12 males

Literacy:

• Total: 77, 84, 54, 120
• Females: 33, 42, 50, 358
• Males: 44, 42, 03, 762

Literacy rate:

• Total: 74.04 %
• Females: 65.46 %
• Males: 82.14 %

Net migration rate: -0.05 migrant/ 1, 000 population

Indian States and Union Territories Population, Area and Density 

The state-wise details of India's population and area can be gathered from the following table:

Name of state	Area in sq. km.	Population (As per Census 2011)	Density per sq. km.
Andhra Pradesh	2, 75, 045	84, 665, 533	308
Arunachal Pradesh	83, 743	1, 382, 611	17
Assam	78, 438	31, 169, 272	397
Bihar	94, 163	1, 03, 804, 637	1, 102
Chhattisgarh	1, 35, 191	25, 540, 196	189
Goa	3, 702	1, 457, 723	394
Gujarat	1, 96, 024	60, 383, 628	308
Haryana	44, 212	25, 353, 081	573
Himachal Pradesh	55, 673	6, 856, 509	123
Jammu and Kashmir	2, 22, 236	12, 548, 926	56
Jharkhand	79, 714	32, 966, 238	414
Karnataka	1, 91, 791	61, 130, 704	319
Kerala	38, 863	33, 387, 677	859
Madhya Pradesh	3, 08, 245	72, 597, 565	236
Maharashtra	3, 07, 713	1, 12, 372, 972	365
Manipur	22, 327	2, 721, 756	122
Meghalaya	22, 429	2, 964, 007	132
Mizoram	21, 081	1, 091, 014	52
Nagaland	16, 579	1,980,602	119
Orissa	1, 55, 707	41, 947, 358	269
Punjab	50, 362	27, 704, 236	550
Rajasthan	3, 42, 239	68, 621, 012	201
Sikkim	7, 096	6, 07, 688	86
Tamil Nadu	1, 30, 058	72, 138, 958	555
Tripura	10, 486	3, 671, 032	350
Uttar Pradesh	2, 40, 928	1, 99, 581, 520	828
Uttarakhand	53, 483	10, 116, 752	189
West Bengal	88, 752	91, 347, 736	1, 030

The below mentioned table provides us information regarding the Union Territory wise details of India's area and population: 

Name of Union Territory	Area in sq. km.	Population (As per Census 2011)	Density per sq. km.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	8, 249	3, 79, 944	119
Chandigarh	114	1, 054, 686	23, 970
Dadra and Nagar Haveli	491	3, 42, 853	1, 808
Daman and Diu	112	2, 42, 911	5, 623
Delhi	11, 297	16, 753, 235	29, 258
Lakshadweep	32	64, 429	5, 196
Puducherry	479	1, 244, 464	6, 730

Religious demography of India

The country of India has got the largest portion of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Jains, Sikhs and Budhist residing in the world. The nation even houses world's third-biggest Muslim population. Though the prevalence of religious communities vary from one state or Union Territory to another, still some places are known for being home to any particular religious group. These groups are as follows: 

• States or Union Territories with majority of Muslim population: Lakshadweep and Jammu and Kashmir.
• States or Union Territories with majority of Christian population: Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.
• States or Union Territories with majority of Sikh population: Punjab.

The below-mentioned table can help us in gathering an overall idea about the religious demography of India's per Census 2001: 

Composition	Hindus	Muslims	Christians	Sikhs	Buddhist	Jains	Others (Jews, Baha'is and Parsis)
% total of population 2001	80.50 %	13.40 %	2.30 %	1.90 %	0.80 %	0.40 %	0.60 %
10 Yr Growth% (Est. ' 91 to ' 01)	20.30 %	29.50 %	22.60 %	18.20 %	24.50 %	26.00 %	103.10 %
Child sex ratio (0 to 6 yrs)	925	950	964	786	942	870	976
Urban sex ratio	922	907	1, 026	886	944	941	966
Rural sex ratio	944	953	1, 001	895	958	937	995
Total sex ratio (Avg. 944)	935	940	1, 009	895	955	940	1, 000
Literacy rate (71.7 % for Age 7 & above)	75.5 %	60 %	90.3 %	70.4 %	73 %	95 %	50 %

Linguistic Demography of India 

Hindi, being the national language of the country, most the Indians speaks Hindi language. However, the dialects and languages spoken in the nation again vary from place to place and community to community. Indiahas got a total of 1, 652 dialects and languages. Census of India, 2001 shows the following details about the linguistic demography of the Indian Republic:

Language	Speakers	Percentage
Assamese	13, 168, 484	1.28 %
Bengali	83, 369, 769	8.11 %
Bhili/Bhilodi	9, 582, 957	0.93 %
Bodo	1, 350, 478	0.13 %
Dogri	2, 282, 589	0.22 %
Gondi	2, 713, 790	0.26 %
Gujarati	46, 091, 617	4.48 %
Hindi dialects	4, 22, 048, 642	41.03 %
Ho	1, 042, 724	0.10 %
Kannada	37, 924, 011	3.69 %
Kashmiri	5, 527, 698	0.54 %
Khandeshi	2, 075, 258	0.20 %
Khasi	1, 128, 575	0.11 %
Konkani	2, 489, 015	0.24 %
Kurukh	1, 751, 489	0.17 %
Maithili	12, 179, 122	1.18 %
Malayalam	33, 066, 392	3.21 %
Marathi	71, 936, 894	6.99 %
Manipuri (Meitei)	1, 466, 705	0.14 %
Mundari	1, 061, 352	0.11 %
Nepali	2, 871, 749	0.28 %
Odia	33, 017, 446	3.21 %
Punjabi	29, 102, 477	2.83 %
Santali	6, 469, 600	0.63 %
Sindhi	2, 535, 485	0.25 %
Tamil	60, 793, 814	5.91 %
Telugu	74, 002, 856	7.19 %
Tulu	1, 722, 768	0.17 %
Urdu	51, 536, 111	5.01 %