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Wednesday 30 January 2019

Research Process

Steps involved in Research Process in Research Methodology
However, the following order concerning various steps provides a useful procedural guideline regarding the research process:

1.      Formulating the research problem
2.      Review the literature
3.      Extensive literature survey
4.      Developing the hypothesis
5.      Preparing the research design
6.      Determining sample design
7.      Collecting the data
8.      Execution of the project
9.      Analysis of data
10.  Hypothesis testing
11.  Generalizations and interpretation, and
12.  Preparation of the report or presentation of the results, i.e., formal write-up of conclusions reached.
A brief description of the above stated steps will be helpful.
1.      Formulating the research problem: There are two types of research problems, those which relate to states of nature and those which relate to relationships between variables. At thievery outset the researcher must single out the problem he wants to study, i.e., he must decide the general area of interest or aspect of a subject-matter that he would like to inquire into.
The best way of understanding the problem is to discuss it with one’s own colleagues or with those having some expertise in the matter. In an academic institution the researcher can seek the help from a guide who is usually an experienced man and has several research problems in mind.
2.      Review the literature: The researcher must at the same time examine all available literature to get him acquainted with the selected problem. He may review two types of literature—the conceptual literature concerning the concepts and theories, and the empirical literature consisting of studies made earlier which are similar to the one proposed. The basic outcome of this review will be the knowledge as to what data and other materials are available for operational purposes which will enable the researcher to specify his own research problem in a meaningful context.
3.      Extensive literature survey: Once the problem is formulated, a brief summary of it should be written down. For this purpose, the abstracting and indexing journals and published or unpublished bibliographies are the first place to go to. The earlier studies, if any, which are similar to the study in and should be carefully studied. A good library will be a great help to the researcher at this stage.
4.      Development of working hypotheses: After extensive literature survey, researcher should state in clear terms the working hypothesis or hypotheses. Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences.
5.      Preparing the research design: The research problem having been formulated in clear cut terms, the researcher will be required to prepare a research design, i.e., he will have to state the conceptual structure within which research would be conducted. The preparation of such a design facilitates research to be as efficient as possible yielding maximal information.
There are several research designs, such as, experimental and non-experimental hypothesis testing.
6.      Determining sample design: All the items under consideration in any field of inquiry constitute ‘universe’ or ‘population’. A complete enumeration of all the items in the ‘population’ is known as a census inquiry. It can be presumed that in such an inquiry when all the items are covered no element of chance is left and highest accuracy is obtained. But in practice this may not be true.
7.      Collecting the data: In dealing with any real life problem it is often found that data at hand are inadequate, and hence, it becomes necessary to collect data that are appropriate. There are several ways of collecting the appropriate data which differ considerably in context of money costs, time and other resources at the disposal of the researcher. Primary data can be collected either through experiment or through survey.
·         By observation:
·         Through personal interview:
·         Through telephone interviews:
·         By mailing of questionnaires:
·         Through schedules:
The researcher should select one of these methods of collecting the data taking into consideration the nature of investigation, objective and scope of the inquiry, financial resources, available time and the desired degree of accuracy.
8.      Execution of the project: Execution of the project is a very important step in the research process. If the execution of the project proceeds on correct lines, the data to be collected would be adequate and dependable
9.      Analysis of data: After the data have been collected, the researcher turns to the task of analyzing them. The analysis of data requires a number of closely related operations such as establishment of categories. Thus, researcher should classify the raw data into some purposeful and usable categories. In brief, the researchers can analysis the collected data with the help of various statistical measures.
10.  Hypothesis-testing: After analyzing the data as stated above, the researcher is in a position to test the hypotheses, if any, he had formulated earlier. Do the facts support the hypotheses or they happen to be contrary? Hypothesis -testing will result in either accepting the hypothesis or in rejecting it. If the researcher had no hypotheses to start with, generalizations established on the basis of data may be stated as hypotheses to be tested by subsequent researches in times to come.
11.  Generalizations and interpretation: If a hypothesis is tested and upheld several times, it may be possible for the researcher to arrive at generalization, i.e., to build a theory. As a matter of fact, the real value of research lies in its ability to arrive at certain generalizations. If the researcher had no hypothesis to start with, he might seek to explain his findings on the basis of some theory. It is known as interpretation.

12.  Preparation of the report or the thesis: Finally, the researcher has to prepare the report of what has been done by him

Tuesday 29 January 2019

Research Design

A research design is a systematic approach that a researcher uses to conduct a scientific study. It is the overall synchronization of identified components and data resulting in a plausible outcome.  To conclusively come up with an authentic and accurate result, the research design should follow a strategic methodology, in line with the type of research chosen. To have a better understanding of which research paper topic, to begin with, it is imperative to first identify the types of research to start writing a research proposal.

Types of research design
There are many ways to classify research designs. Nonetheless, the list below offers a number of useful distinctions between possible research designs. A research design is an arrangement of conditions or collections.
·         Descriptive (e.g., case-study, naturalistic observation, survey)
·         Correlation (e.g., case-control study, observational study)
·         Semi-experimental (e.g., field experiment, quasi-experiment)
·         Experimental (experiment with random assignment)
·         Review (literature review, systematic review)
·         Meta-analytic (meta-analysis)

 What is a good Research design?
good research design is characterized by its flexibility, efficiency, appropriateness etcetera. A research design is one that has little to no error. Having a clear objective for research is a reflection of how explicit the research question is. Depending on the research problem, you have to combine a number of design approaches to end up with the required outcome.
How to develop a research design?
1.      Classify the intended outcome of what needs to be understood
2.      Developing the research question
3.      What needs to be measured
4.      Select the population for the experiment
5.      Identify the ideal data collection method
6.      Construct Interrelated characteristics
7.      Use correct analysis tools
8.      Choose a channel for disseminating your findings

Data Collection Methods

Data collection is a process of collecting information from all the relevant sources to find answers to the research problem, test the hypothesis and evaluate the outcomes. Data collection methods can be divided into two categories: secondary methods of data collection and primary methods of data collection.
 Primary Data Collection Methods
Primary data collection methods can be divided into two groups: quantitative and qualitative.
Quantitative data collection methods are based in mathematical calculations in various formats. Methods of quantitative data collection and analysis include questionnaires with closed-ended questions, methods of correlation and regression, mean, mode and median and others.
Quantitative methods are cheaper to apply and they can be applied within shorter duration of time compared to qualitative methods. Moreover, due to a high level of standardisation of quantitative methods, it is easy to make comparisons of findings.
Qualitative research methods, on the contrary, do not involve numbers or mathematical calculations. Qualitative research is closely associated with words, sounds, feeling, emotions, colours and other elements that are non-quantifiable.
Qualitative studies aim to ensure greater level of depth of understanding and qualitative data collection methods include interviews, questionnaires with open-ended questions, focus groups, observation, game or role-playing, case studies etc.
Your choice between quantitative or qualitative methods of data collection depends on the area of your research and the nature of research aims and objectives.
Methods of Primary data collection
1.      Registration: Registers and licences are particularly valuable for complete enumeration, but are limited to variables that change slowly, such as numbers of fishing vessels and their characteristics.
2.      Questionnaires: Forms which are completed and returned by respondents. An inexpensive method that is useful where literacy rates are high and respondents are co-operative.
Questionnaires are also of two types
Open Ended: Where answerer has freedom to write answer as per his experience and knowledge.
Close Ended: Where answerer is bound to give answer from the given objectives.
3.      Interviews: Forms which are completed through an interview with the respondent. More expensive than questionnaires, but they are better for more complex questions, low literacy or less co-operation.
4.      Direct observations: Making direct measurements is the most accurate method for many variables, such as catch, but is often expensive. Many methods, such as observer programmes, are limited to industrial fisheries.
Secondary Data Collection Methods
Secondary data is a type of data that has already been published in books, newspapers, magazines, journals, online portals etc.  There is an abundance of data available in these sources about your research area in business studies, almost regardless of the nature of the research area. Therefore, application of appropriate set of criteria to select secondary data to be used in the study plays an important role in terms of increasing the levels of research validity and reliability.
These criteria include, but not limited to date of publication, credential of the author, reliability of the source, quality of discussions, depth of analyses, the extent of contribution of the text to the development of the research area etc.

Friday 25 January 2019

Broadcast and Non Broadcast Media

Broadcast Media
It can be defined as a media with signal transmission that is open widely and freely for anyone to have a live view or to watch programs.

Examples of broadcast
Format of Radio and format of Television are may be the simplest examples; it is basically about media that is printed in hard copy like paper, simple examples are newspapers and magazines. This huge media is a media of any type: Broadcast, print and digital meets a huge statistics of people which includes media such as, pay TV and internet based on news operation or services.
Advantages of broadcast:
·         It moves very quickly and it doesn`t take long, so you don`t have to wait for like an hour to view it.
·         Programs or music of any type will always be new and also to be use.
·         You always have access to watch live games, sports like football, cricket etc.
Disadvantages of broadcast:
·         It could be illegal because some programs can`t be access unless you have to pay to watch it.
·         At times when signal is lost you won`t be able to watch the exact thing that they are showing in the TV and that will make you to miss some part of the programme.
·         You can`t choose what you may feel like watching meaning you only watch what they show in the TV you.

Non broadcast
It can be defined as the complete opposite of Broadcast, wherein it makes you to pause, stop, rewind and fast forward videos or audio. It gives you access to watch anything that you may feel like watching which gives you chance to watch some of the past programs in the TV.

Examples of non broadcast:
·         YouTube it enables you to watch any videos of your choice and you can also pause it, stop, rewind and fast forward. You can also download videos that you may want to watch than to go back in the internet to view it again.
·         BBC IPLAYER is just like YouTube which also gives you access to play whatever audio you may like, you can also pause, rewind, fast forward and stop as well.
·         Another example is I-tunes; Non Broadcast can also be played on a CD, listening to your I-pod or MP3.
Advantages of non broadcast:
·         You don`t have to get a TV license before you can watch anything that you may want to watch.
·         It has a good quality of colours than just black and white
·         It is more accessible than broadcast like the access of pause, rewind, stop, fast forward.
·         You are in control of it, you choose whatever you want to watch.
Disadvantages of non broadcast:
·         Videos in YouTube could be misleading to young ones, like for instance videos that are only meant to be watched by age 18+ can be access to watch in YouTube.
·         Downloading of music videos could be an illegal. For example music videos that people copied on tunes without paying for it, is considered as illegal.
·         You can only watch videos through internet access and for some server provider it can be demanding because some prices is like a £1 for an hour for using the internet.
·         Downloading of videos could take a while if your internet server is low.
Differences between broadcast and a non broadcast:
·         Broadcast has a signal transmission which can only be controlled by certain people.
·         On the other hand Non Broadcast has no one to control anything for you are the operator of what you are watching; you do whatever you feel like doing.

·         It also gives you access to download videos audio while Broadcast you only have to watch it without any downloading.

Media Planning

Media Planning in Advertising
Media planning is generally outsourced to a media agency and entails sourcing and selecting optimal media platforms for a client's brand or product to use. The job of media planning is to determine the best combination of media to achieve the marketing campaign objectives.

In the process of planning, the media planner needs to answer questions such as:
·         How many of the audience can be reached through the various media?
·         On which media (and ad vehicles) should the ads be placed?
·         How frequent should the ads be placed?
·         How much money should be spent in each medium?
Choosing which media or type of advertising to use can be challenging for small firms with limited budgets and know-how. Large-market television and newspapers are often too expensive for a company that services only a small area (although local newspapers can be used). Magazines, unless local, usually cover too much territory to be cost-efficient for a small firm, although some national publications offer regional or city editions. Since the advent of social media, small firms with limited budgets may benefit from using social media advertising as it is cost effective, easy to manage, accurate and offers great ROI.

Different phases of Media Planning
1.    The first phase of any media plan is the initial market analysis, which consists of a situation analysis and the marketing strategy plan. These form the basis of information which the rest of the media plan is reliant on.
The marketing strategy plan should establish specific objectives and goals that will solve the marketing problems that developed. Once the market analysis is complete the improved knowledge gained should indicate a proffered target market. Enabling the marketers to understand where the prime advertising space would be to gain sufficient exposure, what factors effect that certain demographic, and how to promote to the audience effectively.
2.    The second phase in the media plan is the establishment of media objectives. Just as the marketing analysis lead to specific marketing objectives, this phase will result in explicit media objectives; such as creating a positive brand image through stimulating creativity. These objectives should be limited to those that can only be obtained through media strategies.
3.    Media strategy development and implementation is the third phase and is the point in the process that is directly influenced by the actions from previously determined objectives. Actions that meet these objectives are taken into consideration with following criteria; media mix, target market, coverage consideration, geographic coverage, scheduling, reach & frequency, creative aspects & mood, flexibility, or budget considerations.
·         Media Mix – A combination of communication and media channels use that is utilized to meet marketing objectives, such as social media platforms and magazines.
·         Target Market – A specific group of consumers that has been identified to aim it’s marketing and advertising campaigns towards, as they are the most likely to purchase the particular product.
·         Coverage Consideration – To alter the level of exposure of media to the target market, whilst minimizing the amount of overexposure and saturation into other demographics.
·         Geographic Coverage – Increased emphasis of exposure to a certain area where interest may thrive, whilst reducing exposure to areas they have less relevance.
·         Scheduling – The concept of aligning communication activity to coincide with peak potential consumer exposure times, such as around a big sports game on television.
·         Reach & Frequency – The decision to have a certain message seen / heard by a large number (reach) or expose the same message to a smaller group more often (frequency).
·         Creative Aspects & Mood – Different mediums for communication should be considered when developing a campaign. Social media might be more effective to generate emotion than a billboard poster on a main road.
·         Flexibility – In order to adapt to rapidly changing marketing environments it is important for strategies to be flexible. Such as unique opportunities in the market, media availability or brand threats.
·         Budget Considerations – The relationship between the effectiveness of a media campaign and the cost involved needs to be carefully managed. There should be an optimal level of response from the consumer for the price for the exposure.
4.    The final phase in the media plan is to evaluate the effectiveness of the plan and determine what follow-up is required. It is important to assess whether each individual marketing and media objective was met, as if they were successful it will be beneficial to use a similar model in future plans.
Components of a media plan
Define the marketing problem. Where is the business coming from and where is the potential for increased business? Does the ad need to reach everybody or only a select group of consumers? How often is the product used? How much product loyalty exists? How to build awareness or drive consideration through use of optimized contextual based material?

Translate the marketing requirements into media objectives. Must the ad reach people in a wide area? Then mass media, like newspaper and radio, might work. If the target market is a select group in a defined geographic area, then direct mail could be best.

Define a media solution by formulating media strategies. For example, the rule of thumb is that a print ad must run three times before it gets noticed. Radio advertising is most effective when run at certain times of the day or around certain programs, depending on what market is being reached.

Media planning's major steps include:
1 - Targeting,
2 - Environmental scan,
3 - Understanding the audience,
4 - Determination of content,
5 - Control

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