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At this place students find the answer of their professional course syllabus. We have find lots of issues related to their exams in an easy language.

Professional Shiksha is for all Professional student. We are working on every aspect of theoritcal work of those student gradually and very soon they will get most out of their syllabus.

Monday 26 November 2018

Traditional methods of financing

As long as your business concept is strong and you can make a case for both profitability and sustainability in this economy, there are lots of savvy investors and banks looking for good investments.
Here are four of the most popular traditional funding methods:
1. Small business loans from Banks or other financial institutions
A small business loan is my preferred traditional funding method from banks or other financial institutions, because the bank is neither seeking crazy-large returns on its investment nor a piece of your business. Instead, the bank is concerned that you will be able to pay back the loan.
2. Venture capital
Venture capitalists are investors or firms who want to put their money and expertise into businesses and get sizable returns. They typically want both partial ownership and control in businesses with large growth potential.
For some businesses, going with a VC is a huge benefit. VC connections and knowledge can help a company to grow in ways that sole owners wouldn’t be able to foster themselves.
If you choose to go this route, be prepared for brutal feedback when presenting to venture capitalists. In my experience, they do not mince words.
Ask for introductions to venture capitalists from reputable sources. Most VCs tend to deal in specific areas of business, such as manufacturing, retail or biotech.
3. Angel investors
Angel investors are individuals or networks who want to put their money behind businesses that have the potential to make good returns. They take a portion of the business in exchange for their investment, while leaving the control with the business owner.
Angel investors are usually open to investing in local and regional businesses as well as larger ventures.
Look online for angel-investor networks in your area. Most host networking events and pitch sessions. You will have less than five minutes to capture the interest of potential investors, so make sure your pitch is tight.
4. Public Issue
If any company is going for a long term and large amount of financing then such company may go for public issue. In public issue company has to issue Equity share, Debentures, Bonds, etc and ask for funding. Generally in India SEBI (Security Exchange Board of India) is the regulatory body who give a proper way to go for public issue to arrange funding. Company has to fulfill the norms of the SEBI.

Thursday 15 November 2018

Types of DBMS Models

DBMS - Data Models


Data models define how the logical structure of a database is modeled. Data Models are fundamental entities to introduce abstraction in a DBMS. Data models define how data is connected to each other and how they are processed and stored inside the system.
The very first data model could be flat data-models, where all the data used are to be kept in the same plane. Earlier data models were not so scientific, hence they were prone to introduce lots of duplication and update anomalies.

Entity-Relationship Model

Entity-Relationship (ER) Model is based on the notion of real-world entities and relationships among them. While formulating real-world scenario into the database model, the ER Model creates entity set, relationship set, general attributes and constraints.
ER Model is best used for the conceptual design of a database.
ER Model is based on −
·        Entities and their attributes.
·        Relationships among entities.
These concepts are explained below.


·        Entity − An entity in an ER Model is a real-world entity having properties called attributes. Every attribute is defined by its set of values calleddomain. For example, in a school database, a student is considered as an entity. Student has various attributes like name, age, class, etc.
·        Relationship − The logical association among entities is called relationship. Relationships are mapped with entities in various ways. Mapping cardinalities define the number of association between two entities.
Mapping cardinalities −
    • one to one
    • one to many
    • many to one
    • many to many

Relational Model

The most popular data model in DBMS is the Relational Model. It is more scientific a model than others. This model is based on first-order predicate logic and defines a table as an n-ary relation.
The main highlights of this model are −
  • Data is stored in tables called relations.
  • Relations can be normalized.
  • In normalized relations, values saved are atomic values.
  • Each row in a relation contains a unique value.
  • Each column in a relation contains values from a same domain.


Hierarchical model
The hierarchical model organizes data into a tree-like structure, where each record has a single parent or root. Sibling records are sorted in a particular order. That order is used as the physical order for storing the database. This model is good for describing many real-world relationships.


This model was primarily used by IBM’s Information Management Systems in the 60s and 70s, but they are rarely seen today due to certain operational inefficiencies.
Network model
The network model builds on the hierarchical model by allowing many-to-many relationships between linked records, implying multiple parent records. Based on mathematical set theory, the model is constructed with sets of related records. Each set consists of one owner or parent record and one or more member or child records. A record can be a member or child in multiple sets, allowing this model to convey complex relationships.

It was most popular in the 70s after it was formally defined by the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL).

Object-oriented database model
This model defines a database as a collection of objects, or reusable software elements, with associated features and methods. There are several kinds of object-oriented databases:
multimedia database incorporates media, such as images, that could not be stored in a relational database.
hypertext database allows any object to link to any other object. It’s useful for organizing lots of disparate data, but it’s not ideal for numerical analysis.


The object-oriented database model is the best known post-relational database model, since it incorporates tables, but isn’t limited to tables. Such models are also known as hybrid database models.

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